A.M. Turing . 1950 . " Computing Machinery and Intelligence," Mind 59 (Oct .): 433 .

A . M . Turinget al . 2004 . " Can Automatic Calculating Machines Be Said to Think?" in The Essential Turing : Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life: Plus the Secrets of Enigma, ed. B. Jack Copeland , 494 – 506 . (New York)

Brian Cantwell Smith . 2019 . The Promise of Artificial Intelligence: Reckoning and Judgment , 102 . (Cambridge, Mass)

Copeland . introduction to "Computing Machinery and Intelligence ," in The Essential Turing , 433 – 39 .

Diane Proudfoot . " Wittgenstein's Anticipation of the Chinese Room ," in Views into the Chinese Room , 167 – 80 .

Ezra Pound . 1970 . Guide to Kulchur .78 . (New York)

Ferdinand de Saussure . 2011 . Course in General Linguistics, trans. Wade Baskin, ed. Perry Meisel and Haun Saussy112 . (New York)

Jacqueline Léon . 2007 . " From Universal Languages to Intermediary Languages in Machine Translation: The Work of the Cambridge Language Research Unit (1955–1970)," in History of Linguistics 2002: Selected Papers from the Ninth International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences, ed . Eduardo Guimarães and Diana Luz Pessoa de Barros 123 – 32 Amsterdam)

John McCarthyet al . 1955 . " A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Arti-ficial Intelligence ," https://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/dartmouth/dartmouth.pdf https://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/dartmouth/dartmouth.pdf

John Preston . 2002 . " Introduction," in Views into the Chinese Room: New Ess ays on Searle and Artificial Intelligence, ed . Preston and Mark Bishop . 47 . (New York)

John R. Searle . " Twenty-One Years in the Chinese Room ," in Views into the Chinese Room , 51 – 69 .

John R . Searle . 1980 . "Minds, Brains, and Programs," The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 : 417 – 18 .

Karen Spärck Jones . 1990 ." What Sort of a Thing is an AI Experiment?" in The Foundations

of Artificial Intelligence: A Sourcebook, ed . Derek Partridge and Wilks . (New York)

Karen Sergei Nirenburg and Wilks . 2000 . " Machine Translation," Advances in Computers 52 () : 175 – 76 .

Karen Sparck Jones . 2000 . " R. H. Richens: Translation in the NUDE," in Early Years in Machine Translation: Memoirs and Biographies of Pioneers, ed . W. John Hutchins, (Amsterdam)

Karen Spärck Jones . 1986 . Synonymy and Semantic Classification (Edinburgh)

Karen Spärck Jones , "What Sort of a Thing is an AI Experiment?" 277 .

Karen Spärck Jones . 1972 . " al Interpretation of Term Specifici ty and its Applica-tion in Retrieval," Journal of Documentation 28 : 11 – 21 .

Ludwig Wittgenstein . 1974 . Philosophical Grammar , trans. Anthony Kenny, ed . Rush Rhees . 74 . (Malden, Mass)

Lydia H . Liu . 2021 . "Wittgenstein in the Machine," Critical Inquiry 47 : 425 – 55 .

Margaret A . Boden . 2006 . Mind As Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, 2 vols. 1 : xli. (New York)

Margaret Masterman . 1967 . " Mechanical Pidgin Translation," in Machine Translation , ed . A . D . Booth (Amsterdam)

Margaret Masterman . 2005 . Language, Cohesion and Form , ed . Wilks, (New York)

Margaret Masterman . 1957 . " The Thesaurus in Syntax and Semantics," Mechanical Translation 4, nos . 1 – 2 .

Margaret Masterman . 1967 . " Man-Aided Computer Translation From English Into French Using An On Line System to Manipulate a Bi-Lingual Conceptual Dictionary, or Thesaurus," paper presented at the 1967 Conference on Computational Linguistics , Grenoble , 23 – 25 Aug.15.Margaret Masterman. 1961 . "Semantic Message Detection for Machine Translation, Using an Inter-lingua," in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis 449. (London,

M. A. K. Halliday . 2006 . " Linguistics and Machine Translation," Computational and Quantitative Studies, vol. 6 of The Collected Works of M. A. K. Halliday , ed. Jonathan J . Webster (New York)

M. A. K. Halliday , "The Linguistic Basis of a Mechanical Thesaurus," Computational and Quantitative Studies , 6 – 19 .

Marvin Minsky . 1980 . " Decentralized Minds," The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 : 440 .

McCarthy and Patrick J . Hayes, "Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence," p . 4 , https://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/mcchay69/mcchay69.pdf https://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/mcchay69/mcchay69.pdf

McCarthy . 1981 . " Epistemological Problems of Artificial Intelligence," in Readings in ArtificialIntelligence , ed. Bonnie Lynn Webber and Nils J . Nilsson , 464 . (Palo Alto, Calif.)

McCarthy . 1995 . " What Has AI in Common with Philosophy? " https://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/aiphil/aiphil.pdf https://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/aiphil/aiphil.pdf

Ned Block . 1978 . " Troubles With Functionalism," in Perception and Cognition: Issues inthe Foundations of Psychology , ed. C . Wade Savag e261 – 325 . (Minneapolis)

N. Katherine Hayles . 2009 . Distributing/Disturbing the Chinese Room ," On the Human , https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/on-the-human/2009/05/distributingdisturbing-the-chinese-room/ https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/on-the-human/2009/05/distributingdisturbing-the-chinese-room/

R. H. Richens . 1958 . " Interlingual Machine Translation," Computer Journal 1 , no. 3 : 145 .

R. H. Richens . 1956 . " Preprogramming for Mechanical Translatio n ," Mechanical Translati on 3 (Jul .).

R. H. Richens . 1956 . " A General Program for Mechanical Translation between Any Two Languages via an Algebraic Interlingua,", aclanthology . org/ www.mt-archive.info/50/CLRU -1956-Richens-2.pdf www.mt-archive.info/50/CLRU-1956-Richens-2.pdf

R. H. Richens , "Interlingual Machine Translation," 145 .

R. H. Richens and Booth . 1955 . " Some Methods of Mechanized Translation," in Machine Translation of Languages , ed . Locke and Booth 24 –46. (Cambridge, Mass.)

Terry Winograd . 1972 . " Understanding Natural Language," Cognitive Psychology 3 : 2 .

Yorick Wilks . 1976 . " The Phil osophy of Language," in Computational Semantics: An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Comprehension , ed. Eugene Charniak and Wilks 214 . (Amsterdam)

Yorick Wilks . 2008 . " On Whose Shoulders?" Computational Linguistics 34 .

Warren Weaver . 1955 . " Foreword: The New Tower," in Machine Translation of Language s, ed. William N. Locke and Booth v–vii . (Cambridge, Mass)

Winograd . 1971 . " Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language" (PhD . diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology ,

Wittgenstein . 2009 . Philosophical Investigations: The German Text, with a Revised English Translation, trans . G . E. M. Anscombe, P . M . S. Hacker, and SchulteJoachim 36. (Malden, Mass.)