To promote the resource utilization of ceramic waste and reduce the construction industry's reliance on natural resources

this study investigates the effects of various combinations of ceramic powder (10%

20%

30%) and ceramic particles (10%

20%

30%) on the compressive and flexural strength of cement-based mortar through multifactor comparative experiments. The influence of curing age (7d

14d

28d) is also analyzed. The results show that the incorporation of ceramic powder and particles significantly affects the mechanical properties of mortar. In terms of compressive strength

the combination of 10% ceramic powder and 10% ceramic particles (A1B1) performs best

reaching 33.6 MPa at 28 days; however

in high-content combinations (e.g.

A3B3

both at 30%)

the 28-day compressive strength is only 17.5 MPa. For flexural strength

the A1B2 combination (10% powder

20% particles) achieves 6.6 MPa at 28 days

while the high-content A3B3 combination drops to 5.1 MPa. This indicates that low to moderate additions (≤20% with appropriate ratios) favor strength development

whereas high levels (≥30%) may damage the matrix structure

reducing strength. Most reasonably dosed combinations exhibit a steady strength increase with curing time

while some mismatched ratios show fluctuations or declines. In conclusion

a compatibility range exists for ceramic powder and particles. When dosed appropriately at low to moderate levels

they synergistically enhance mortar performance

offering a reference for the efficient application of ceramic waste in cement-based materials.