Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) remains the leading vaccine-preventable cause of viral encephalitis in Asia despite the availability of effective vaccines . This review critically evaluates the major Japanese encephalitis vaccine platforms

including the live attenuated SA14-14-2 vaccine

the Vero cell-derived inactivated vaccine IXIARO

and the chimeric recombinant vaccine IMOJEV. Their immunogenicity

durability

safety

and cross-genotype protection are compared to assess how different vaccine strategies balance efficacy with practical implementation. Although current vaccines have dramatically reduced disease burden

important limitations remain

including waning immunity

uncertainty regarding long-term correlates of protection

and reduced neutralization against emerging genotypes such as genotype IV in Australia. Recent advances in mRNA vaccines

structure-guided antigen engineering

and insect-specific flavivirus platforms provide promising opportunities for broader and more adaptable protection. Together

these developments highlight both the success of current vaccines and the need for next-generation approaches capable of responding to ongoing flavivirus evolution.