Jurisdictional Conflicts and Applicable Law in Cross-Border E-Commerce: A Comparative Study on Consumer Protection

Ziying Wu

doi:10.47297/wspelWSP2515-824411.20250902

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Jurisdictional Conflicts and Applicable Law in Cross-Border E-Commerce: A Comparative Study on Consumer Protection

Volume 9, Issue 2

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Jurisdictional Conflicts and Applicable Law in Cross-Border E-Commerce: A Comparative Study on Consumer Protection
Jurisdictional Conflicts and Applicable Law in Cross-Border E-Commerce: A Comparative Study on Consumer Protection
School of Law, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, 100029, China
Vol. 9, Issue 2, Pages: 54-59(2025)
Published：30 June 2025
DOI：10.47297/wspelWSP2515-824411.20250902
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Wu Ziying.Jurisdictional Conflicts and Applicable Law in Cross-Border E-Commerce: A Comparative Study on Consumer Protection[J].Elder Law,2025,09(02):54-59.
DOI：

Wu Ziying.Jurisdictional Conflicts and Applicable Law in Cross-Border E-Commerce: A Comparative Study on Consumer Protection[J].Elder Law,2025,09(02):54-59. DOI： 10.47297/wspelWSP2515-824411.20250902.

摘要

Abstract

The exponential growth of Cross-Border E-Commerce (CBEC) has fundamentally disrupted the traditional framework of private international law. While the digitalization of trade facilitates global market access

it creates profound legal uncertainty regarding the protection of consumers

who are structurally the weaker party in B2C transactions. This paper investigates the conflict of laws issues inherent in CBEC

specifically examining the determination of jurisdiction and the applicable law (lex causae) when disputes arise between consumers and foreign vendors. By conducting a comparative analysis of the European Union's Rome I Regulation and Brussels I Recast

the United States' "minimum contacts" doctrine

and China's Law on the Application of Laws to Foreign-related Civil Relations

this study identifies a shift from strict territoriality to a "directed activity" standard. The research argues that while party autonomy remains a cornerstone of contract law

it must be curtailed in consumer contracts to prevent the evasion of mandatory protective norms. Furthermore

the paper evaluates the efficacy of traditional judicial remedies versus Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) mechanisms

proposing a harmonized legal framework that balances commercial predictability with substantial consumer justice.

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Keywords

references

Tang Z. S. ( 2015 ). Electronic Consumer Contracts in the Conflict of Laws (2nd ed .). Oxford : Hart Publishing .

Wang F. ( 2010 ). Internet Jurisdiction and Choice of Law: Legal Practices in the EU, US and China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .

Svantesson D. J. B. ( 2021 ). Private International Law and the Internet (4th ed .). Wolters Kluwer.

Rühl G . ( 2011 ). Consumer Protection in Private International Law . Recueil des Cours , 355 , 125 - 502 .

Gillies L . E . ( 2012 ). Jurisdiction for Cross-Border Breach of Contract in European Community Law. Journal of Private International Law , 8 ( 1 ), 125 - 152 .

European Union . Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (Brussels I Recast) . Official Journal of the European Union , L 351 .

Court of Justice of the European Union . Pammer v . Reederei Karl Schlüter GmbH & Co KG and Hotel Alpenhof GesmbH v. Heller (Joined Cases C-585/08 and C-144/ 09 ) [2010 ] I-12527ECR.

European Union . Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) . Official Journal of the European Union , L 177 .

UNCITRAL . ( 2017 ). Technical Notes on Online Dispute Resolution . New York : United Nations .

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