1.See Dee Pridgen & Richard M. Alderman, Consumer Credit and the Law § 2:1(2008-2009 ed.).2. Id. at § 2:1.3.Chi-Chou Yeh, Re-Review of Retroactive Insurance, in The Study on Issues of Insurance Law 21, 21 (May 2007).4. NAIC, Draft, Review of the Use of Credit-Based Insurance Scoring By Insurers 2(Aug. 2008), available at http://www.naic.org/documents/committees_d_credit_scoring_paper.pdf (last visit on May 3,2009).5. Gregory Shaffer, Globalization and Social Protection: The Impact of EU and International Rules in The Ratcheting Up of U.S. Privacy Standards, 25 Yale J.Int l L. 1, 10-25 (Winter 2000).6. Ian O Neill, Disparate Impact, Federal/State Tension and the Use of Credit Scores by Insurance Companies,19 Loy. Consumer L. Rev.151, 152 (2007).7.Maghan F. McClure, Notes and Comments, Adverse Action Notices under theFCRA: The Supreme Court Provides Guidance, 12 N.C. Banking Inst. 273, 275(Mar., 2008).8. Harold D. Skipper & W. Jean Kwon, Risk Management and Insurance:Perspective in a Global Economy 175 (2007).9. Id.10. Id. at 274-75.11. It is also named as utmost good faith absolute good faith greatest good faith most perfect good faith honour bad faith. See Peter Macdonald Eggers et al.,Good Faith and Insurance Contract 2 (2nd ed. 2004).12. Shin-Chun Wang, The Nature of Disclosure Duty in Insurance Law and Non-Real Duty, 36 Nat l Taiwan U. L. J. 1, 2 (Sep. 2006).13. See, e.g., Mary Crossley, Discrimination Against the Unhealthy in Health Insurance, 54 U. Kan. L. Rev. 73, 77-78 (2005).14. NAIC, supra note 4, at 9-19.15.There are nine studies including National Association of Insurance Commissioners, Credit Reports and Insurance Underwriting, 冶 1996; Fair Isaac, Predictiveness of Credit History for Insurance Loss Ratio Relativities, October1999; Monaghan, James E., The Impact of Personal Insurance Credit History on Loss Performance in Personal Lines, 2000, Casualty Actuary Society Forum-Winter: 79-19-05; Conning & Company, Insurance Scoring in Personal Automobile Insurance - Breaking the Silence, 2001; American Academy of Actuaries and Risk Classification Subcommittee of the Property/Casualty Products, Pricing, and Market Committee, The Use of Credit History for Personal Lines of Insurance: Report to the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, 2002; Kellison, Bruce, Patrick Brockett, Seon-Hi Shin, and Shihong Li, A Statistical Analysis of the Relationship Between Credit History and Insurance Losses, Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas at Austin, 2003; Miller, Michael J. and Richard A. Smith, The Relationship of Credit-Based Insurance Scores to Private Passenger Automobile Insurance Loss Propensity An Actuarial Study by EPIC Actuaries, LLC, 2003; Wu,Cheng-Sheng Peter and James C. Guszcza, Does Credit Score Really Explain Insurance Losses? Multivariate Analysis from a Data Mining Point of View, 2003, Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society 113-138; Brokett, Patrick L. and Linda L. Golden, Biological and Psychobehavioral Correlates of CreditScores and Automobile Insurance Losses: Toward an Explication of Why Credit Scoring Works, The Journal of Risk and Insurance, 2007, Vol. 74, No. 1,23-63.16. NAIC, supra note 4, at 9.17. There are nine studies including Commonwealth of Virginia, State Corporation Commission, Bureau of Insurance, Use of Credit Reports in Underwriting, 1999; The Use of Insurance Credit Scoring In Automobile and Homeowners Insurance, A Report to the Governor, the Legislature and the People of Michigan, Frank M. Fitzgerald, Commissioner Office of Financial andInsurance Services, December 2002; A Report to the Legislature, Effect ofCredit Scoring on Auto Insurance Underwriting and Pricing, WashingtonOffice of Insurance Commissioner, Prepared by: Washington State University,Social & Economic Sciences, Research Center, Dave Pavelchek, PRR Inc.Bruce Brown, January 2003; State of Alaska, Department of Community andEconomic Development, Division of Insurance, Insurance Credit Scoring inAlaska, February 21, 2003; Maryland Insurance Administration, Report onthe Credit Scoring Data of Insurers in Maryland, 2004; Kabler, Brent, Insurance-Based Credit Scores: Impact on Minority and Low IncomePopulations in Missouri, 2004; Texas Department of Insurance, Use of CreditInformation by Insurers in Texas: The Multivariate Analysis (Jan. 31, 2005)and Texas Department of Insurance, Use of Credit Information by Insurers inTexas (Dec. 30, 2004); Arkansas Insurance Department, Use and Impact ofCredit in Personal Lines Insurance Premiums Pursuant to Ark. Code Ann. §23-67-415, July 2007; Federal Trade Commission, Credit-Based InsuranceScores: Impacts on Consumers of Automobile Insurance, 2007.18. 15 U.S.C. § 1681 note (2006).19. O Neill, supra note 6, at 170.20. NAIC, supra note 4, at 8.21. Texas Department of Insurance, supra note 17, at 3.22.Use of Credit Scores in Personal Line Insurance Rating, http://www.insurereinsure.com/BlogHome.aspx?entry=822 (visited May 5, 2009).23. O Neill, supra note 6, at 171.24. NAIC, supra note 4, at 4.25. O Neill, supra note 6, at 173.26. U.S. PRIG, Mistakes Do Happen: A Look at Errors in Consumer Credit Reports(June 2004), available at http://uspirg.org/uspirg.asp?id2=13649&id3=USPIRG& (last visited May 27, 2009).27. See Deborah Hellman, What Makes Genetic Discrimination Exceptional?, 29Am. J.L. & Med. 77, 87 (2003).28. William Goddard, Note and Commentary, Swimming in the Wake of Dehoyos:When Federal Courts Sail into Disparate Impact Waters, Will State Regulationof Insurance Remain above the Waves?, 10 Conn. Ins. L.J. 369, 369(2003-2004).29. FTC, supra note 17, at 38.30. Arkansas Insurance Department, supra note 17, at 3-4.31. Candace Heckman, Study Assails Accuracy of Credit Reports, Seattle Post,June 21, 2004, available at http://www.seattlepi.com/local/178825_creditscores21.asp (last visited May 28, 2009).32. Id.33. 565 F. Supp. 1485 (D.C.N.Y. 1983).34. Id. at 1489.35. 220 U.S. 61 (1911).36. Id. at 78-79.37. Ferguson v. Skrupa 372 U.S. 726, 732 (1963).38. Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 220 U.S. 61, 78-79 (1911).39. In Taiwan, the clause of principle of equity is in Article 7 of Constitution Law,ROC.40. 75 U.S. 168 (1968).41. 322 U.S. 533 (1944).42. 15 U.S.C § 1012(b).43. Elwin Griffith, The Quest for Fair Credit Reporting and Equal CreditOpportunity in Consumer Transactions, 25 U. Memphis L. Rev. 37, 38 (1994).44. 15 U.S.C.A. § 1681m(a).45. Gail Hillebrand, After the FACTA: State Power to Prevent Indemnity Theft, 17Loy. Consumer L. Rev. 53, 57-58 (2004).46. Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act § 212(e)(3)(C).47. NCOIL is an association consisted of the state legislators in the United States,for the detail of NCOIL, please visit it website, http://www.ncoil.org/ncoilinfo/about.html (last visited May 29, 2009).6348.This Model Act is available at the following website, http://www.aisus.com/o/ncoil.html (last visited May 9, 2009).49.NAMIC, State Laws Governing Insurance Scoring Practices, http://www.namic.org/reports/credithistory/credithistory.asp (last visited May 3, 2009).50.Section 5 C of Model Act.51.Section 5 B, D, E of Model Act.52.Section 5 A of Model Act.53.Section 6 of Model Act.54.Section 7 of Model Act.55.Section 8 of Model Act.56.Section 8 of Model Act.57.NAIC, Compliance Grid: Credit-Based Insurance Scoring Laws (Nov. 14, 208),available at http://www.namic.org/compliance/CreditBasedInsuranceScoring.pdf(last visited May 9, 2012.).