
8卷 第1期
诗歌不会优化,对人工智能来说,诗歌是什么
诗歌不会优化,对人工智能来说,诗歌是什么
- 2024年8卷第1期 页码:48-70
纸质出版日期: 2024-03-30
DOI:10.12184/wspppllWSP2515-527X03.20240801
Scan QR Code
8卷 第1期
上海大学外国语学院,上海,200444
纸质出版日期: 2024-03-30 ,
Scan QR Code
.诗歌不会优化,对人工智能来说,诗歌是什么[J].批评理论,2024,08(01):48-70.
米歇尔. 埃兰, 杨明珠. 诗歌不会优化,对人工智能来说,诗歌是什么. [J]. Critical theory, 2024, 8(1): 48-70.
.诗歌不会优化,对人工智能来说,诗歌是什么[J].批评理论,2024,08(01):48-70. DOI: 10.12184/wspppllWSP2515-527X03.20240801.
米歇尔. 埃兰, 杨明珠. 诗歌不会优化,对人工智能来说,诗歌是什么. [J]. Critical theory, 2024, 8(1): 48-70. DOI: 10.12184/wspppllWSP2515-527X03.20240801.
文学、诗歌和其他形式的非商业性创造性表达,向技术工具主义的语言方法、预测性语言生成、NLP(大型自然语言处理模型,如 GPT-3或GPT-4)以及更广泛的生成式AI(从文本到图像、视频、音频)提出了挑战。关于AI系统能自动化和加快创造力的说法,反映了行业和研究领域优先考虑速度、规模、优化和无摩擦方面,这也是AI设计和应用的主要驱动力。但诗歌不会优化;创作过程不能简化为一个(计算机屏幕上的)指令。有人指出,AI生成或增强的文学创作充其量只能提供没有意义的形式;本文以 GPT 指令创作的玛雅-安杰洛(Maya Angelou)的诗歌《我依然站起来》(
Still I Rise
)为案例,论证了 NLP 的预测性语言生成和我所说的算法非历史性也会——更令人不安的是——使意义变得毫无意义。在这个过程中,GPT的文学实验并没有“失败”,是因为它未达到文学标准这一不断变动的目标,这不是因为技术不足,而是因为它可能使人们更难以描述和导航他们的现实。结论部分探讨了AI作为文学对话者和超越优化的创造性参与的一个例子。
AI文学艺术种族GPT-3
Baldwin, James. (1979) 1998. “If Black English Isn't a Language, Then Tell Me What Is.” In Baldwin: Collected Essays, edited by Toni Morrison, 780– 83. New York: Library of America.
Banta, Martha. 1993. Taylored Lives: Narrative Productions in the Age of Taylor, Veblen, and Ford. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Barthes, Roland. (1967) 2001. “The Death of the Author.” Contributions in Philosophy 83: 3–8.
Béchard, Deni Ellis. 2021. “Body Count: How Michael Snyder's Self- Monitoring Project Could Transform Human Health.” Stanford Magazine, December. https://stanfordmag.org/contents/body-counthttps://stanfordmag.org/contents/body-count.
Bender. E. M., T. Gebru, A. McMillan-Major, and S. Shmitchell. 2021. “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big?”FAccT21. Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency,610–23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922.
Benjamin, Ruha. 2019. Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Medford, MA: Polity Press.
Benjamin, Ruha. 2021. “Which Humans: Reimagining the Default Settings of Technology and Society.” Keynote Kieve Lecture at the conference “Anti- racist Technologies for a Just Future,” Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, May 20.
Benjamin, Walter. (1935) 1969. “The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility.” In Illuminations: Essays and Reflections, edited by Hannah Arendt, translated by Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken Books.
Branwen, Gwern. 2022a. “GPT-3 Creative Fiction.” Gwern.net, February 10. https://www.gwern.net/GPT-3https://www.gwern.net/GPT-3.
Branwen, Gwern. 2022b. “The Scaling Hypothesis.” Gwern.net, January 2. https://www.gwern.net/Scaling-hypothesishttps://www.gwern.net/Scaling-hypothesis.
Branwen, Gwern, and Shawn Presser. 2019. “GPT-2 Neural Network Poetry.” Gwern.net, October 29. https://www.gwern.net/GPT-2https://www.gwern.net/GPT-2.
Brynjolfson, Erik. 2022. “The Turing Trap: The Promise and Peril of Human- like Artifi-
cial Intelligence.” Daedalus 151, no. 2: 279–94.
Caballar, Rina Diane. 2019. “What Is the Uncanny Valley?” IEEE Spectrum, November 6. https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/humanoids/what-is-the-uncanny-valleyhttps://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/humanoids/what-is-the-uncanny-valley.
Cann, George H., et al. 2021. “Recovery of Underdrawings and Ghost-Paintings via Style Transfer by Deep Convolutional Neural Networks: A Digital Tool for Art Scholars.” Paper presented at “Electronic Imaging 2021: Computer Vision and image Analysis of Art,” January.
Chow, Andrew R. 2021. “NFTs Are Shaking Up the Art World— But They Could Change So Much More.” Time, March 22. https://time.com/5947720/nft -art/https://time.com/5947720/nft-art/.
Christie's. 2018. “Is Artificial Intelligence Set to Become Art's Next Medium?”December 12. https://www.christies.com/features/a-collaboration-between -two-artists-one-human-one-a-machine-9332-1.aspxhttps://www.christies.com/features/a-collaboration-between-two-artists-one-human-one-a-machine-9332-1.aspx.
Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. 2006. Control and Freedom: Power and Paranoia in the Age of Fiber Optics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Crawford, Kate. 2021. Atlas of AI: Power, Politics and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
Crowe, Lana. 2020. “Poetech: Shall I Compare Thee to GPT-3? Shakespeare v AI.”Sayre Zine. https://apostrophezinecom.wordpress.com/2020/10/05 /gpt-3-ai-poetry-shakespeare-sonnet-18/https://apostrophezinecom.wordpress.com/2020/10/05/gpt-3-ai-poetry-shakespeare-sonnet-18/.
Deoras, Shristi. 2020. “GPT-3 Has Weaknesses and Makes Silly Mistakes: Sam Altman, OpenAI,” Analytics India Magazine. https://analyticsindiamag.com/gpt-3-has-weaknesses-and-makes-silly-mistakes-sam-altman-openai/https://analyticsindiamag.com/gpt-3-has-weaknesses-and-makes-silly-mistakes-sam-altman-openai/.
Drucker, Joanna. 2009. Speclab: Digital Aesthetics and Projects in Speculative Computing. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Elam, Harry J., Jr. 2006. The Past as Present in the Drama of August Wilson. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
Elam, Michele. 1991. “Dark Dialects: Scientific and Literary Realism in Joel Chandler Harris' Uncle Remus Series.” New Orleans Review 18: 36–45.
Elam, Michele. 2022. “Signs Taken for Wonders: AI, Art and the Matter of Race.” Issue: AI & Society, edited by James Manyika. Daedalus 151, no. 2: 198–217.
Elgammal, Ahmed. 2019. “AI Is Blurring the Definition of Artist.” American Scientist 107, no. 1: 18–21.
Gates, Jr., Henry Louis. (1988) 2014. The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African American Literary Criticism. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Gould, Stephen Jay. (1981) 1996. The Mismeasures of Man. New York: Norton.
Hayles, N. Katherine. 2021. “Narrative and Database: Natural Symbionts.” In “Remapping Genre,” edited by Wai Chee Dimock and Bruce Robbins. Special issue, PMLA 122, no. 5: 1603–8.
Jefferson, Thomas. 1784–5. Notes on the State of Virginia. Volume 1, Chapter 15 “Equality,” Document 28. University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch15s28.htmlhttp://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch15s28.html.
Katz, Yarden. 2020. Artificial Whiteness: Politics and Ideology in Artificial Intelligence. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
Low, Tobin. 2021. “The Ghost in the Machine.” Interview with Vauhini Vara. This American Life, December 31. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/757 /the-ghost-in-the-machinehttps://www.thisamericanlife.org/757/the-ghost-in-the-machine.
Manjoo, Farhad. 2020. “How Do You Know a Human Wrote This?”New York Times, July 29. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/29/opinion/gpt-3-ai -automation.htmlhttps://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/29/opinion/gpt-3-ai-automation.html.
Manyika, James. 2022. “Afterword: Some Illustrations.” Daedalus 151, no. 2: 372–79. https://www.amacad.org/publication/afterword-some-illustrationshttps://www.amacad.org/publication/afterword-some-illustrations.
Marche, Stephen. 2021a. “The Chatbot Problem.” New Yorker, July 23. https:// www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-chatbot-problemhttps://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-chatbot-problem.
Marche, Stephen. 2021b. “The Computers Are Getting Better at Writing.” New Yorker, April 30. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment /the-computers-are-getting-better-at-writinghttps://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-computers-are-getting-better-at-writing.
Mattei, Shanti Escalante-De. 2021. “Artificial Intelligence Restores Mutilated Rembrandt Painting.” ArtNews, June 23. https://www.artnews.com/art -news/news/rembrandt-ai-restoration-1234596736/https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/rembrandt-ai-restoration-1234596736/.
McKittrick, Katherine. 2015. Sylvia Wynter: On Being Human as Praxis. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press.
Metz, Cade. 2020. “Meet GPT-3. It Has Learned to Code (and Blog and Argue).” New York Times, November 24. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/science/artificial intelligence-ai-gpt3.htmlhttps://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/science/artificialintelligence-ai-gpt3.html.
Mozilla Pulse. n.d. “Amelia Winger-Bearskin.” https://www.mozillapulse.org /prohttps://www.mozillapulse.org/profile/3119.
Narang, Sharan, and Aakanksha Chowdhery. 2022. “Pathways Language Model (PaLM): Scaling to 540 Billion Parameters for Breakthrough Performance.” Google AI Blog, April 4. https://ai.googleblog.com/2022/04 /pathways-language-model-palm-scaling-to.htmlhttps://ai.googleblog.com/2022/04/pathways-language-model-palm-scaling-to.html.
Offbeat Poet.2019. “Putting the ART in ARTificial Intelligence.” Medium, July3. https://medium.com/offbeat-poetry/putting-the-art-in-artificial -intelligence-742d6880c34a.
Paul Robeson: A Tribute to An Artist (Documentary short IMDb 1979). Directed by Narrated Saul J. Turell. Produced by Jessica Berman and Saul J. Turell. Narrated by Sidney Poitier.
Pranam, Aswin. 2019. “Putting the Art in Artificial Intelligence: A Conversation with Sougwen Chung.” Forbes, December 12. https://www.forbes.com/sites/aswinpranam/2019/12/12/ putting-the-art-in-artificial-intelligence-a-conversation-with-sougwen-chung/?sh=4c7afa543c5b.
Ramesh, Aditya. 2021. “DALL·E: Creating Images from Text.” OpenAI.com, January 5. https://openai.com/blog/dall-e/https://openai.com/blog/dall-e/.
Reich, Rob, Mehran Sahami, and Jeremy M. Weinstein. 2021. System Error: Where Big Tech Went Wrong and How We Can Reboot. New York: Harper Collins.
Rogin, Michael. 1985. “‘The Sword Became a Flashing Vision’: D. W. Griffith's.” Representations, no. 9: 150–95.
Roose, Kevin. 2022. “A Coming-Out Party for Generative AI: Silicon Valley's New Craze.” New Yorker Times, October 21. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/21/technology/generative-ai.htmlhttps://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/21/technology/generative-ai.html.
Schneider, Tim. 2020. “A.I. Has the Potential to Change the Art Business — Forever. Here's How It Could Revolutionize the Way We Buy, Sell, and See Art.” Artnet News, March 31. https://news.artnet.com/market/ai-art -business-intelligence-report-2020-1812288https://news.artnet.com/market/ai-art-business-intelligence-report-2020-1812288.
Simonite, Tom. 2021. “What Really Happened When Google Ousted Timnit Gebru.” Wired, June 8. https://www.wired.com/story/google-timnit-gebru-ai-what-really-happened/https://www.wired.com/story/google-timnit-gebru-ai-what-really-happened/.
Stork, David. 2021. “Automatic Computation of Meaning in Authored Images Such as Artworks: A Grand Challenge for AI.” ACM Journal on Computing in Cultural History 1–10.
Vara, Vauhini. 2021. “I Didn't Know How to Write about My Sister's Death— So I Had AI Do It for Me.” Believer Magazine, August 9. https://believermag.com/ghosts/#contenthttps://believermag.com/ghosts/#content.
Weheliye, Alexander G. 2014. Habeas Viscus: Racializing Assemblages, Biopolitics, and Black Feminist Theories of the Human. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press.
Winger-Bearskin, Amelia. 2020. “Indigenous Wisdom as a Model for Software Design and Development.” Mozilla, October 2. https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/blog/indigenous-wisdom-model-software-design-and -development/https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/blog/indigenous-wisdom-model-software-design-and-development/.
Wynter, Sylvia. 2003. “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth /Freedom: Towards the Human, after Man, Its Overrepresentation—An Argument.” CR: The New Centennial Review 3, no. 3: 257–337.
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution