The problem of global water pollution is becoming increasingly severe and has become a key factor restricting the sustainable development of the ecological environment and the stability of the social economy. Especially

the organic pollutants and heavy metal ions emitted by industries such as chemical and pharmaceuticals

which are difficult to degrade

pose a serious threat to the aquatic ecosystem and human health. Among various water treatment technologies

the adsorption method occupies a core position due to its simple operation

controllable cost

and high removal efficiency. Graphene

as a two-dimensional nanomaterial with an extremely large theoretical specific surface area (2630 m²/g) and abundant surface functional groups

demonstrates significant advantages in pollutant adsorption due to its unique structural characteristics and has become a hot topic in the research of water treatment adsorption materials. This study focuses on the mechanism of action of graphene adsorbents and their application effects

systematically summarizes the research progress in the field of water treatment

and aims to provide theoretical references for the development of high-performance adsorption materials and their engineering applications. The adsorption performance of graphene adsorbents is closely related to their structural characteristics and surface modification strategies. Graphene oxide

as an important derivative of graphene

can significantly enhance the adsorption capacity for polar pollutants by introducing oxygen-containing functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl. Wu Linlin used chemical and pharmaceutical wastewater as the treatment object and prepared graphene oxide composite materials. The results showed that this material had an adsorption capacity of 187.6 mg/g for antibiotic pollutants in the wastewater

with an removal rate exceeding 92%

and the adsorption process conformed to the quasi-second-order kinetic model.