Article 4 , Paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement requires each Party to prepare, communicate and maintain successive nationally determined contributions that it plans to achieve . Parties shall undertake domestic mitigation measures to achieve the objectives of such contributions .

Wang Hui . Administrative Interpretation and Judicial Review in Climate Change Litigation—An Analysis of the First U.S. Supreme Court Climate Change Case [J ] . Journal of East China University of Political Science and Law , 2012 , ( 2 ): 77 .

SAVARESIA . Inter-State Climate Change Litigation:Neither a Chimera nor Panacea [M ] // Climate Change Litigation:Global Perspective . Leiden : Brill Nijfoff Press , 2021 : 366 - 392 .

Agreement for the Establishment of the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law (adopted 31 October 2021, entered into force 31 October 2021 ) , available at < https://cpij-pcji.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Agreement-for-the-establishmentof-COSIS.pdf > (last visited on 22 February 2025 ).

ITLOS . Request for an Advisory Opinion Submitted by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law . Advisory Opinion , 2024 , 21 Mayp.42, para. 89 .

Article 138 of the Tribunal Rules stipulates that: " 1 . If an international agreement related to the purposes of the Convention explicitly provides for the possibility of requesting an advisory opinion from the Tribunal, the Tribunal may issue an advisory opinion on a legal question . 2. A request for an advisory opinion shall be made by an agreement authorizing such a request or by any institution authorized by the agreement to submit the request to the Tribunal."

ITLOS . Request for an Advisory Opinion Submitted by the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC) . Case No . 21 , 2015 .

Article 21 of the Statute of the Tribunal stipulates that: "The jurisdiction of the Tribunal shall extend to all disputes and applications submitted to it in accordance with this Convention, and to all applications specifically provided for in any other agreement conferring jurisdiction upon the Tribunal ."

itlos Rules , Art . 138 .

Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area , Case n . 17 ( 2011 ), para . 25.