Ames C . Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation [J ] . Journal of Educational Psychology , 1992 , 84 ( 3 ): 261 – 271 .

Bing M N . Hypercompetitiveness in Academia: Achieving Criterion-Related Validity From Item Context Specificity [J ] . Journal of Personality Assessment , 1999 , 73 ( 1 ): 80 – 99 .

Chen F F . What happens if we compare chopsticks with forks? The impact of making inappropriate comparisons in cross-cultural research [J ] . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 2008 , 95 ( 5 ): 1005 – 1018 .

De Backer L , Van Keer H , De Smedt F , et al . Identifying regulation profiles during computer‑supported collaborative learning and examining their relation with students' performance, motivation, and self‑efficacy for learning [J ] . Computers & Education , 2022 , 179 : 104421 .

Dweck C S . Motivational processes affecting learning [J ] . American Psychologist , 1986 , 41 ( 10 ): 1040 – 1048 .

Dweck C S . Mindset: The new psychology of success [M ] . New York : Random House , 2006 .

Garcia S M , Tor A , Schiff T M . The psychology of competition: A social comparison perspective [J ] . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 2013 , 8 ( 6 ): 634 – 650 .

Houston J M , McIntire S A , Kinnie J , et al . A factorial analysis of scales measuring competitiveness [J ] . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 2002 , 62 ( 2 ): 284 – 298 .

Krugman P . Competitiveness: A dangerous obsession [J ] . Foreign Affairs , 1994 , 73 ( 2 ): 28 – 44 .

Meece J L , Anderman E M , Anderman L H . Classroom goal structure, student motivation, and academic achievement [J ] . Annual Review of Psychology , 2006 , 57 : 487 – 503 .

Midgley C , Kaplan A , Middleton M . Performance-approach goals: Good for what, for whom, under what circumstances, and at what cost? [J ] . Journal of Educational Psychology , 2001 , 93 ( 1 ): 77 – 86 .

Midgley C , Maehr M L , Hruda L Z , et al . Manual for the Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales (PALS) [R ] . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan , 2000 .

Murayama K , Elliot A J . The competition–performance relation: A meta-analytic review and test of the opposing processes model of competition and performance [J ] . Psychological Bulletin , 2012 , 138 ( 6 ): 1035 – 1070 .

Petrides K V , Furnham A . Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies [J ] . European Journal of Personality , 2001 , 15 ( 6 ): 425 – 448 .

Ruhl J , Lordly D . The nature of competition in dietetics education: A narrative review [J ] . Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research , 2017 , 78 ( 3 ): 144 – 152 .

Ryckman R M , Hammer M , Kaczor L , et al . Construction of a Hypercompetitive Attitude Scale [J ] . Journal of Personality Assessment , 1990 , 55 ( 3–4 ): 630 – 639 .

Schneider M , Preckel F . Variables associated with achievement in higher education: A systematic review of meta-analyses [J ] . Psychological Bulletin , 2017 , 143 ( 6 ): 565 – 600 .

Shute V J . Focus on formative feedback [J ] . Review of Educational Research , 2008 , 78 ( 1 ): 153 – 189 .

UNSW Sydney . Year 12 creates too much stress and ATAR scoring 'unfair' [EB/OL ] . ( 2019-10-17 ) [ 2025-07-21 ] .

Urdan T , Schoenfelder E . Classroom effects on student motivation: Goal structures, social relationships, and competence beliefs [J ] . Journal of School Psychology , 2006 , 44 ( 5 ): 331 – 349 .

Wang S , Lambe L , Huang Y , et al . Perceived social competition and school bullying among adolescents: The mediating role of moral disengagement [J ] . Current Psychology , 2023 , 42 : 2 4554– 24563 .

Weissman D L , Ulevitch Y , Oswald T M , et al . Dispositional predictors of perceived academic competitiveness: An international preregistered study [J ] . Personality and Individual Differences , 2022 , 198 : 111801 .

Yang W , Sun R , Wang C , et al . Epidemiology of depressive disorders among youth during Gaokao to college in China: Results from Hunan Normal University mental health survey [J ] . BMC Psychiatry , 2023 , 23 : 481 .